There are different types of diseases such as:
- Infectious diseases
- Deficiency diseases
- Hereditary diseases
- Physiological diseases
Explanation:
- Malaria spreads only by the disease-carrying mosquitoes.
- The vector of malaria is the female anopheles mosquito.
- Malaria spreads only when a female mosquito that has bitten a malaria patient bites another person.
- A blood test is done to check if a person has malaria or not.
- People with malaria get a fever with chills, s weating, headache, nausea and rigours.
- Malaria is caused by protozoan Plasmodium.
- In early times, the dried and powdered bark of the Cinchona tree was used to make medicine for malaria.
- Earlier people used to boil the bark powder and strain the water which was given to patients.
- Now tablets are made from this in the form of quinine, chloroquine is given to patients.
Thus, the above symptoms are for the disease of malaria.
Additional Information
Disease
Dengue
Symptoms
- Headache
- Muscle bone or joint pain,
- Nausea, vomiting.
- Pain behind the eyes.
- Swollen glands.
- Rash, High Fever.
Casual Agent
- Mosquito-borne viral disease (Dengue virus i.e. DENV)
Medicine
- No specific medicine
- The pain relievers such as acetaminophen (paracetamol).
Malaria
Symptoms
- Shaking chills with fever
- Headache, muscle aches, and tiredness, frequent sweating.
- Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
Casual Agent
- Plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes
Medicine
- The antimalarial drug is quinine, an alkaloid, which was extracted from the Cinchona tree.
Chikunguniya
Symptoms
- Fever and joint pain come on suddenly. Muscle pain, headache, fatigue.
- A rash may also occur.
Casual Agent
- Viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. (Chikungunya virus i.e. CHIKV).
Medicine
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin.
Typhoid
Symptoms
- High fever, headache
- Stomach pain, weakness
- Vomiting and loose stools.
Casual Agent
- Salmonella Typhi bacteria.
Medicine
- Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone.
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Communicable Question 7
Which of the following test is directly related to HIV?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : ELISA
Communicable Question 7 Detailed Solution
Concept:
- The human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection.
- It makes a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.
- It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV.
- Most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment.
- AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly damaged because of the virus.
Explanation:
- It is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- It is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and measuring antibodies, hormones, peptides and proteins.
- ELISA test may be used to diagnose HIV, which causes AIDS.
Thus, the ELISA test is directly related to HIV.
- The Widal test is a test for Typhoid (enteric fever).
- In this test bacteria causing typhoid is mixed with a serum containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual.
- The test named after its inventor, Georges-Fernand Widal.
- It stands for Malaria Parasite Test.
- Malari a antigen detection tests are a group of rapid diagnostic tests that allow quick diagnosis of malaria.
- It involves the collection of a blood smear, to identify the species, the stages, and the density of parasite in the patient.
- It stands for Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR or sed rate).
- It is a test that indirectly measures the degree of inflammation present in the body.
- The test actually measures the rate of fall (sedimentation) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in a sample of blood that has been placed into a tall, thin, vertical tube.
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Communicable Question 8
Which of the following is a contagious disease?
- Diabetes
- Heart attack
- Hypertension
- Diphtheria
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : Diphtheria
Communicable Question 8 Detailed Solution
Concept:
- Contagious disease refers to those diseases which are directly transmitted from one person to another.
- It is also called a communicable disease.
Diphtheria i s an acute, highly contagious bacterial infection.
- A thick grey coating on the tonsils and throat
- Fever, chills, sore throat
- Swollen glands on the neck
- Barking cough
- Bluish skin
Thus, Diphtheria is a contagious disease.
Heart attack:
- The blood is usually cut off from the heart when an artery supplying the heart muscle is blocked.
- It can be due to a blood clot.
- A heart attack mainly starts with great chest pain.
- It is not a contagious disease.
Hypertension:
- Hypertension is a cause of high blood pressure.
- The heart pumps blood into the arteries (blood vessels), which carry the blood throughout the body.
- Hypertension is dangerous because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood out to the body.
- The exact causes of high blood pressure are not known, but several factors and conditions may play a role in its development.
- It is not a contagious disease.
Diabetes:
- There are two types of diabetes.
- The most popularly known diabetes is when the blood sugar is too high.
- It is not a contagious disease.
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Communicable Question 9
Which of the following is a disease caused by virus?
- Cholera
- Tuberculosis
- Leprosy
- Chickenpox
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : Chickenpox
Communicable Question 9 Detailed Solution
Concept:
Virus:
- Virus means venom or poisonous fluid.
- viruses also contain genetic material, that could be either RNA or DNA.
- Viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised by having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell.
- Viruses are obligate parasites.
Explanation:
Chickenpox:
- Varicella is another name for chickenpox.
- It is a viral, contagious illness.
- It is an infectious disease that is extremely contagious and is primarily brought on by the Varicella zoster virus.
- There is a 10- 21 day incubation period.
- By directly touching an infected person's blisters, saliva, or mucus, one can contract chickenpox.
Thus, chickenpox is a disease caused by viruses.
Additional Information Cholera:
- The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is what causes the bacterial illness of cholera.
- It develops as a result of consuming tainted foods and beverages.
Tuberculosis:
- Tuberculosis is an airborne illness that spreads through close contact with an infected person.
- One of the primary causes of the development of this infectious disease is the bacteriaMycobacterium tuberculosis.
Leprosy:
- Leprosy is a bacterial infectious disease that can harm limb nerves and result in severe skin sores.
- The slow-growing bacteria Mycobacterium lepraeis what causes this disease.
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Communicable Question 10
communicable disease can spread when we use something already used by someone like a towel, cup, handkerchief etc.' This statement refers to which of the following means through which the disease can be spread? I. Insects II. Contact
- Both I and II
- Neither । nor II
- Only II
- Only I
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Only II
Communicable Question 10 Detailed Solution
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through physical contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus, or being bitten by an insect.
Key Points
- It can spread when we use something already used by someone like a towel, cup, handkerchief, etc.
- This involves contact between a person and the disease-causing organism that are present on the surface of the towel, cup, etc.
- It can spread through direct physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch or handshake.
- Disease spread through insects is caused by an insect bite that transfers the germs into the human body.
Hence Only II is correct. Option 3 is the correct answer.
Additional Information Some of the most common communicable diseases are :
- Chickenpox
- Hepatitis B.
- Hepatitis C.
- HIV / AIDS.
- Common cold
- Influenza.
- Mumps.
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Communicable Question 11
Which disease is transmitted from infected mammals to man?
- Rabies
- Malaria
- Chickenpox
- AIDS
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Rabies
Communicable Question 11 Detailed Solution
Concept:
Communicable disease:
- These diseases are caused by certain infectious agents which may be bacteria or viruses.
- These are capable of being transmitted from person to person or from the environment to person.
Explanation:
- It is a viral disease caused by Lyssavirus sp.
- This disease is transmitted from o ne mammal species to another.
- Like It is spread from the infected dog to humans and other animals through their bite.
- Some symptoms are fever, headaches, excessive salivation, muscle spasms, paralysis, and confusion.
Thus, Rabies is transmitted from infected mammals to man.
Additional Information Chickenpox:
- varicella is another name for chickenpox.
- It is a viral, contagious illness.
- It is an infectious disease that is extremely contagious and is primarily brought on by the Varicella zoster virus.
- There is a 10- 21 day incubation period.
- By directly touching an infected person's blisters, saliva, or mucus, one can contract chickenpox.
Malaria:
- The parasitic protozoan microorganisms known as Plasmodium are the cause of the infectious disease called malaria.
- It is spread by mosquitoes.
AIDS:
- HIV stands for ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
- It is a virus that is found only in human beings and affects the immune system in humans.
- Many diseases like tuberculosis, fungal infections, and cancer begin affecting the body and the person is said to be having AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
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Stereotyping is a/an ________ of pre-judgment in communication (A) Motivational dimension (B) Emotional dimension (C) Cognitive Weakness (D) Generalisation (E) Reflection of excellence Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
- (A), (B), (C) only
- (B), (C), (D) only
- (C), (D), (E) only
- (A), (D), (E) only
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : (B), (C), (D) only
The correct answer is (B), (C), (D) only.
Important Points
- Stereotyping is a cognitive weakness in communication, which means that it is a pre-judgment or generalization made based on limited information or assumptions.
- Stereotyping can lead to inaccurate and unfair judgments of others and can negatively impact communication and relationships.
- The emotional dimension may come into play in stereotyping when individuals have strong emotional reactions or biases towards certain groups or individuals. However, it is not a necessary component of stereotyping.
- Motivational dimension and reflection of excellence are not related to stereotyping and can be excluded as options.
Therefore, the correct answer are (B), (C), and (D) only.
Key Points
- A stereotype is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group. All members belonging to this group are assumed to possess these characteristics.
- Often, stereotypes consist of undesirable characteristics of the target group, and they lead to negative attitudes or prejudices towards members of specific groups.
Here are brief descriptions of different types of stereotyping:
- Gender stereotyping: This refers to the preconceived notions and expectations society has of individuals based on their gender.
- Racial stereotyping: This involves preconceived beliefs about individuals or groups of people based on their race or ethnicity.
- Age stereotyping: This refers to making assumptions about individuals based on their age or generational group.
- Nationality or cultural stereotyping: This involves making assumptions about individuals based on their nationality, culture, or ethnicity.
- Disability stereotyping: This involves preconceived beliefs about individuals with disabilities, which can lead to discrimination or prejudice.
- Occupational stereotyping: This involves preconceived beliefs about individuals based on their occupation or profession.
- Sexual orientation stereotyping: This involves preconceived beliefs about individuals based on their sexual orientation or gender identity
